Análise das sentenças judiciais envolvendo deformidades permanentes em cabeça e pescoço na jurisprudência dos tribunais da região sul do Brasil / Analysis of the lawsuits involving permanent deformity of head and neck in the jurisprudence of the Courts of South Brazil

O exame pericial das deformidades permanentes em região de cabeça e pescoço figura entre as atividades profissionais do odontolegista. Entender o panorama atual da prevalência destas deformidades emerge como fator relevante para salientar a importância do odontolegista frente aos serviços de perícia oficial no Brasil. O presente estudo objetivou o levantamento da jurisprudência dos Tribunais da Região Sul do Brasil quanto ao acometimento de lesões envolvendo deformidade permanente em cabeça e pescoço. A amostra consistiu de 289 acórdãos coletados sistematicamente nos estados do Paraná (n=42), Santa Catarina (n=43) e Rio Grande do Sul (n=204) entre os anos de 2007 e 2017. Homens figuraram como mais prevalentes entre agressores e vítimas. A maioria das lesões acometeu a face dos envolvidos e em 45 casos, os dentes ­ sendo os anterossuperiores os mais afetados. Instrumentos contundentes, cortocontundentes e cortantes foram os mais prevalentes dentre os utilizados. O Cirurgião-dentista deve atentar para sua potencial ação frente aos serviços de perícia oficial, em especial para com a perícia de deformidades permanentes em região de cabeça e pescoço.

The quantification of post-traumatic permanent aesthetic damage is part of the routine of forensic dentistry. Understanding the current scenario on the prevalence of these damages is important to highlight the role of forensic dentists in official forensic services in Brazil. The present study aimed to screen the criminal jurisprudence of South Brazil on the prevalence of permanent deformity in the head and neck. The sample consisted of 289 lawsuits systematically collected from the State of Paraná (n=42), Santa Catarina (n=43) and Rio Grande do Sul (n=204) between 2007 and 2017. Males figured more frequently both among aggressors and victims. The face was most affected, while the teeth were affected in 45 cases ­ especially the anterior maxillary teeth. Blunt, blunt-slicing, and slicing instruments were the most used for aggression. Dentists must be aware of their potential role in official forensic services, in specific for the quantification of head and neck damages with permanent aesthetic deformity.

Aspectos éticos e bioéticos na entrevista em pesquisa: impacto na subjetividade / Ethical and bioethical aspects in the research interview: the impact on subjectivity / Aspectos éticos y bioéticos de la entrevista en investigación: el impacto en la subjetividad

Numerosos projetos de pesquisa envolvendo entrevistas transmitem a impressão de que essa é uma forma de abordagem inócua, não apresentando riscos ­ o que não é verdade. A entrevista, como método de investigação, está sujeita à ética do relacionamento humano. Mediante revisão de literatura e culminando com uma análise crítica, são pontuadas separadamente características da entrevista, do entrevistado e do entrevistador, para depois serem reunidas como parte de um mesmo contexto ao levar a cabo a entrevista propriamente dita. Alguns aspectos dessa interação entrevistador-entrevistado não podem deixar de ser respeitados, escolhendo-se sempre a forma mais adequada de proceder aos questionamentos. Porém, quando parte imprescindível da pesquisa, algumas questões, mesmo delicadas, não podem ser deixadas de lado, e isso exigirá, por parte do entrevistador, irrepreensível posicionamento ético.

Abstract Numerous research projects involving interviews give an impression that this is a form of innocuous approach, presenting no risk, which is not true. The interview, as a research method, is subject to an ethic of human relationships. Through a literature review culminating in a critical analysis, the characteristics of the interview, the interviewee and the interviewer are scored separately, to then be gathered as part of the same context when carrying out the interview itself. Some aspects of the interviewer-interviewee interaction cannot fail to be respected, choosing always the most appropriate way to conduct the questioning. Nevertheless, if some issues, however delicate, are an essential part of the research, they cannot be left aside, and this will require an irreproachable ethical position by the interviewer.

Resumen Numerosos proyectos de investigación que implican entrevistas cargan con la impresión de que ésta es una forma de abordaje inofensivo, que no presenta riesgos, lo cual no es cierto. La entrevista como método de investigación está sujeta a una ética de las relaciones humanas. A través de una revisión de la literatura y culminando en un análisis crítico, serán puntuadas separadamente las características de la entrevista, del entrevistado y del entrevistador, para luego ser integradas como parte de un mismo contexto cuando se lleva a cabo la entrevista propiamente dicha. Algunos aspectos de la interacción entrevistador-entrevistado no pueden dejar de ser respetados, eligiéndose siempre la manera más adecuada de proceder a las preguntas. Sin embargo, por constituir una parte esencial de la investigación, algunas preguntas, aunque delicadas, no pueden ser dejadas de lado, y eso requerirá una posición ética irreprochable por parte del investigador.

Intermunicipal inequities in access and use of secondary health services in the metropolitan area of Curitiba.

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze inequities in the access to specialized services in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. This is an ecological study. In its preparatory stage, this study focused on the socioeconomic, epidemiologic, healthcare network and sectoral financing network profiles of the 26 municipalities comprising this area. Factor analysis was employed to obtain the six principal components, and a synthetic index was calculated from them, allowing municipalities to be ranked according to living conditions and health situation. Primary data was collected from 24 municipalities, regarding their capacity, directed and repressed demand of specialized healthcare services. The context analysis revealed accentuated intermunicipal inequities. The synthetic index allowed municipalities to be classified in four relatively homogeneous groups regarding living and health conditions. Municipalities located in Vale do Ribeira obtained the worse outcomes for the Living Conditions and Health Situation Synthetic Index, as well as the higher repressed demand for specialized healthcare services. The geographical distance from the capital showed to contribute to worse living and health conditions and greater difficulties in access to healthcare services.

Intermunicipal inequities in access and use of secondary health services in the metropolitan area of Curitiba / Iniquidades intermunicipais no acesso e utilização dos serviços de atenção secundária em saúde na região metropolitana de Curitiba

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze inequities in the access to specialized services in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. This is an ecological study. In its preparatory stage, this study focused on the socioeconomic, epidemiologic, healthcare network and sectoral financing network profiles of the 26 municipalities comprising this area. Factor analysis was employed to obtain the six principal components, and a synthetic index was calculated from them, allowing municipalities to be ranked according to living conditions and health situation. Primary data was collected from 24 municipalities, regarding their capacity, directed and repressed demand of specialized healthcare services. The context analysis revealed accentuated intermunicipal inequities. The synthetic index allowed municipalities to be classified in four relatively homogeneous groups regarding living and health conditions. Municipalities located in Vale do Ribeira obtained the worse outcomes for the Living Conditions and Health Situation Synthetic Index, as well as the higher repressed demand for specialized healthcare services. The geographical distance from the capital showed to contribute to worse living and health conditions and greater difficulties in access to healthcare services.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar iniquidades intermunicipais no acesso à atenção especializada nos municípios da região metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná. Trata-se de estudo ecológico. Na etapa preparatória deste estudo, trabalhou-se com os perfis socioeconômico, epidemiológico, da rede de cuidados à saúde e de financiamento setorial, dos 26 municípios que compõem essa região. Foi realizada análise fatorial, pela qual foram obtidos seis componentes principais, e a partir desses foi calculado um índice sintético, que permitiu ordenar os municípios segundo condição de vida e situação de saúde. Dados primários foram coletados de 24 municípios, referentes à capacidade instalada, demanda encaminhada e demanda reprimida de serviços de atenção especializada. A análise de contexto revelou acentuadas iniquidades intermunicipais e o índice sintético permitiu classificar os municípios em quatro grupos relativamente homogêneos quanto às condições de vida e situação de saúde. Os municípios localizados no Vale do Ribeira obtiveram os piores resultados para o Índice Sintético de Condições de Vida e Situação de Saúde, assim como apresentaram maior demanda reprimida para os serviços da atenção especializada. A distância geográfica do município polo demonstrou contribuir para piores condições de vida e saúde e maiores dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Eagle's syndrome: treatment by intraoral bilateral resection of the ossified stylohyoid ligament. A review and report of two cases.

The complexities of Eagle's syndrome are examined according to anatomical, historical, clinical, and treatment aspects. There appears to be little correlation between the extent, form, and size of the anomalies of the styloid process and the stylohyoid ligament and the predictability of patients with related symptoms. Surgical treatment and the advantages and disadvantages of each surgical approach (intra- and extraoral) are discussed. The probable causes of enlargement of the styloid process and ossification of the stylohyoid ligament are addressed. Two cases of Eagle's syndrome are presented: one unilateral and the other bilateral. An intraoral modified surgical technique is presented.

Articulação entre os níveis de atenção dos serviços de saúde na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba: desafios para os gestores / Articulation between levels of healthcare services in the Curitiba Metropolitan Area: challenges for managers / Coordinación entre niveles asistenciales de los servicios de salud em la Región Metropolitana de Curitiba: desafíos para el gerentes

A provisão adequada de serviços de atenção primária à saúde e o acesso aos serviços especializados, também usualmente referidos como de média/alta complexidade, apresentam-se como uma dificuldade em vários municípios brasileiros, tendo em vista as questões gerenciais envolvidas que incluem a força de trabalho, os custos e a densidade tecnológica exigida. Este estudo objetivou compreender a prática discursiva de gestores em relação à articulação entre os níveis de atenção primária e de média/alta complexidade dos serviços públicos de saúde na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC). Realizou-se um estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa com 17 gestores de saúde da RMC. Os dados discursivos foram coletados por meio de entrevista semi -estruturada, sendo processados pelo método de análise de discurso. A interpretação do material permitiu a classificação dos dados discursivos, que foram agrupados em categorias: atenção primária municipal, acesso na média complexidade, atendimento hospitalar, saúde bucal e articulação política. A análise demonstrou que os municípios se encontram em diferentes estágios de implantação e organização da atenção primária. A dificuldade no acesso aos serviços de média/alta complexidade promove interrupção na continuidade das linhas de cuidado, as quais visam à integralidade da atenção em saúde e implicam a adequada coordenação da atenção primária articulada à atenção especializada de segundo e ou terceiro níveis de densidade tecnológica.

The appropriate provision of primary healthcare services and access to specialized services, also commonly referred as medium/high complexity, presents as a difficulty in several municipalities, considering the managerial issues involved including the workforce, cost and technological density required. This study aimed to understand the discursive practice of managers regarding the articulation between primary and middle/ high complexity levels of public health services in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (RMC). An exploratory study was conducted with seventeen health administrators in the CMA. The data were obtained in semi-structured interviews, being processed by speech analysis method. The material interpretation allowed the discourse data classification, which were grouped into categories: access of municipal primary care, medium complexity access, hospital care, oral health and political articulation. The analysis has shown that the municipalities are in different stages regarding primary health care. The difficulty in accessing medium/high complexity services promotes disruption in care lines continuity, which aim at comprehensive care in health and imply the proper coordination of primary care articulated to specialized care of second and/or third level of technology density.

La prestación adecuada de los servicios de atención primaria a la salud y acceso a los servicios especializados, también conocidos comúnmente como la media/alta complejidad, se presenta como una dificultad en varias ciudades brasileñas, em vista de los cuestiones de gestión, incluyendo fuerza de trabajo, los costos y la densidad tecnológica necesario. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la práctica discursiva del directivos en relación a los servicios de salud en la Región Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC). Se realizó un estudio exploratorio de abordaje cualitativo, con diecisiete gerentes de salud de RMC. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante entrevista semi-estructurada y se procesaron mediante el método de análisis del discurso. La interpretación del material permitió la clasificación de los datos del discurso, que se agruparon en categorías: atención primaria municipal, acceso a la atención especializada, hospitalizaciones, salud bucal y articulación política. El análisis muestra que los municipios están en diferentes etapas de la atención primaria. La dificultad en acceso a los servicios de media/alta complejidad favorece la interrupción en la continuidad de las líneas de atención que tienen como objetivo la atención atención integral en salud e implican en la adecuada coordinación de la atención primaria articulada a la atención especializada de segundo y/o tercer nivel de densidade de tecnología.

Prevalence and impact of xerostomia on the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS from Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of xerostomia on the quality of life (QOL) of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) from Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed on 195 PLWHA. Xerostomia was detected by asking a question about the sensation of having "dry mouth," and Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14) was used to measure the impact of xerostomia on QOL. Time of diagnosis of HIV/AIDS was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 78 (40.0%) subjects presented with xerostomia. Xerostomia was associated with female gender, low amount of saliva perceived (p ≤ .01), difficulty in swallowing food (p ≤ .05), and showed to have a negative impact on QOL as measured by OHIP-14 (p ≤ .01). CONCLUSION: Xerostomia was frequent and showed to have a negative impact on the QOL of PLWHA.

Articulação entre os níveis de atenção dos serviços de saúde na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba: desafios para os gestores

A provisão adequada de serviços de atenção primária à saúde e o acesso aos serviços especializados, também usualmente referidos como de média/alta complexidade, apresentam-se como uma dificuldade em vários municípios brasileiros, tendo em vista as questões gerenciais envolvidas que incluem a força de trabalho, os custos e a densidade tecnológica exigida. Este estudo objetivou compreender a prática discursiva de gestores em relação à articulação entre os níveis de atenção primária e de média/alta complexidade dos serviços públicos de saúde na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC). Realizou-se um estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa com 17 gestores de saúde da RMC. Os dados discursivos foram coletados por meio de entrevista semi -estruturada, sendo processados pelo método de análise de discurso. A interpretação do material permitiu a classificação dos dados discursivos, que foram agrupados em categorias: atenção primária municipal, acesso na média complexidade, atendimento hospitalar, saúde bucal e articulação política. A análise demonstrou que os municípios se encontram em diferentes estágios de implantação e organização da atenção primária. A dificuldade no acesso aos serviços de média/alta complexidade promove interrupção na continuidade das linhas de cuidado, as quais visam à integralidade da atenção em saúde e implicam a adequada coordenação da atenção primária articulada à atenção especializada de segundo e ou terceiro níveis de densidade tecnológica.(AU)

[Racial inequity in oral health in Brazil]. / Iniquidades raciais em saúde bucal no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify racial inequities in oral health between groups of adults selfdeclared as white, black, or mixed in Brazil. METHODS: Secondary data were obtained from the national oral health survey of the Brazilian population (SB-Brasil 2002-2003) database. Initially, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the following outcome variables: caries, tooth loss, pain of dental origin, and need for prostheses according to race/color in a sample of 12 811 adults of both sexes, aged 35 to 44 years. In the second stage, an ecologic study was carried out with data aggregated by Brazilian state to contextualize racial inequity in a population of 6 918 black individuals (black and mixed). For that, the oral health outcomes studied in the first stage were correlated with human development and income distribution indicators. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the race/color groups for all oral health outcomes examined (P < 0.01). Correlations were found between oral health outcomes and indicators related to the human development profile, average family income, and income inequality by state for the group of Brazilian blacks. CONCLUSIONS: The results show racial inequity in oral health in Brazil for all the indicators analyzed (caries, tooth loss, pain, and need for prostheses), with greater vulnerability among the black population compared to whites. Contextual factors related to the human development profile, income distribution, and access to health care policies appear to play a key role in describing the vulnerability of populations to oral health problems.

Iniquidades raciais em saúde bucal no Brasil / Racial inequity in oral health in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Identificar iniquidades raciais em saúde bucal entre grupos de pessoas adultas autodeclaradas como brancas, pretas ou pardas no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos da base de dados da pesquisa nacional sobre a condição de saúde bucal da população brasileira (SB Brasil 2002-2003). Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo transversal para comparar as variáveis de desfecho cárie, perda dental, dor de origem dentária e necessidade de prótese por grupo de raça/cor para uma amostra de 12 811 adultos de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 35 a 44 anos. Na segunda etapa, realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados agregados por estado brasileiro para contextualizar as iniquidades raciais para uma população de 6 918 negros, agregando pretos e pardos, analisando a correlação entre os desfechos em saúde bucal estudados na primeira fase e os indicadores de desenvolvimento humano e concentração de renda. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os grupos de raça/cor para todos os desfechos de saúde bucal analisados (P < 0,01). Foram encontradas correlações entre desfechos em saúde bucal e indicadores ligados ao perfil de desenvolvimento humano, renda média familiar e desigualdade de renda por estado brasileiro para o grupo de negros. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados evidenciaram iniquidades raciais em saúde bucal no Brasil em todos os indicadores analisados (cárie, perda dentária, dor e necessidade de prótese), com maior vulnerabilidade da população negra (pretos e pardos) em relação aos brancos. Fatores contextuais relacionados ao perfil de desenvolvimento humano, à distribuição de renda e ao acesso a políticas de cuidado em saúde parecem ter papel essencial na caracterização da vulnerabilidade de grupos populacionais a agravos em saúde bucal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify racial inequities in oral health between groups of adults selfdeclared as white, black, or mixed in Brazil. METHODS: Secondary data were obtained from the national oral health survey of the Brazilian population (SB-Brasil 2002-2003) database. Initially, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the following outcome variables: caries, tooth loss, pain of dental origin, and need for prostheses according to race/color in a sample of 12 811 adults of both sexes, aged 35 to 44 years. In the second stage, an ecologic study was carried out with data aggregated by Brazilian state to contextualize racial inequity in a population of 6 918 black individuals (black and mixed). For that, the oral health outcomes studied in the first stage were correlated with human development and income distribution indicators. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the race/color groups for all oral health outcomes examined (P < 0.01). Correlations were found between oral health outcomes and indicators related to the human development profile, average family income, and income inequality by state for the group of Brazilian blacks. CONCLUSIONS:The results show racial inequity in oral health in Brazil for all the indicators analyzed (caries, tooth loss, pain, and need for prostheses), with greater vulnerability among the black population compared to whites. Contextual factors related to the human development profile, income distribution, and access to health care policies appear to play a key role in describing the vulnerability of populations to oral health problems.

Comparação Entre a Citologia em Base Líquida e a Citologia Esfoliativa Convencional no Diagnóstico de Carcinomas da Região de Cabeça e Pescoço / Comparison between Liquid-based Cytology and Conventional Exfoliative Cytology in the Diagnosis of Head and Neck Carcinomas

Objetivo: Comparar a citologia esfoliativa em base líquida em relação à citologia convencional no diagnóstico de carcinomas da região de cabeça e pescoço. Método: Cento e duas lâminas obtidas de 19 indivíduos portadores de neoplasias malignas foram examinadas. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos: grupo 1 - esfregaços de carcinomas da região de cabeça e pescoço obtidos pela citologia em base líquida; grupo 2 (controle) - amostras de citologia em base líquida provenientes de tecido sadio (região anatômica oposta) e grupo 3 - esfregaços de carcinomas da região de cabeça e pescoço obtidos pela citologia esfoliativa convencional. Os esfregaços foram processados em laboratório e avaliados por meio da microscopia de luz. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes do Qui-quadrado (X2), Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e Teste de Tukey-Kramer (P<0,05). Resultados: Houve uma diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação às alterações celulares sugestivas de malignidade (p<0,05). As lâminas preparadas por meio da citologia em base líquida evidenciaram melhores as células neoplásicas. As células epiteliais encontraram-se mais dissociadas e a amostra foi mais representativa. Houve uma redução de 54,6% no número de amostras insatisfatórias e um ganho de sensibilidade de 53% ao se utilizar a citologia em base líquida. Esta técnica permitiu a obtenção de esfregaços mais homogêneos e lâminas de melhor qualidade proporcionando uma redução no número de amostras insatisfatórias e um aumento de sensibilidade do exame. Conclusão: A citologia esfoliativa em base líquida pode ser indicada como um recurso auxiliar no diagnóstico de lesões bucais, principalmente nos casos de neoplasias malignas de natureza epitelial.

Objective: To compare the liquid-based cytology and conventional exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of head and neck carcinomas. Methods: One hundred and two slides obtained from 19 individual with malignant neoplasias were examined. The samples were divided into 3 groups: group 1 - head and neck carcinoma smears obtained by liquid-based cytology; group 2 (control) - liquid-based cytology samples obtained from healthy tissue (opposed anatomic region), and group 3 - head and neck carcinoma smears obtained by conventional exfoliative cytology. The smears were processed in laboratory and evaluated by light microscopy. Data were subjected to the chi-square (X2), ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). Results: There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among the groups for the cellular alterations suggestive of malignancy. The slides prepared by liquid-based cytology permitted better visualization of the neoplastic cells. The epithelial cells were more dissociated and the sample was more representative. The number of unsatisfactory samples decreased by 54.6% and the sensitivity increased by 53% when liquid-based cytology was used. This technique permitted obtaining more homogeneous smears and slides with better quality, reducing the number of unsatisfactory samples and increasing the sensitivity of the exam. Conclusion: Liquid-based cytology can be indicated as an auxiliary resource in the diagnosis of oral lesions, especially in the cases of malignant neoplasias of epithelial origin.

[Evaluation of the perception of the oral health teams of the municipal health department of Curitiba, Paraná State, regarding atraumatic restorative treatment (ART)]. / Avaliação da percepção das equipes de saúde bucal da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Curitiba (PR) sobre o tratamento restaurador atraumático (ART).

An evaluation was made of the perception of oral health teams regarding Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) as a primary oral healthcare strategy used by the Municipal Health Department of Curitiba, Paraná State. A study was made both of Health Units (HU) that operate using the Family Health Strategy (FHSHU) and those that do not (Basic Healthcare Units--BHU). The sample involved 191 oral health professionals proportionally (CI=95%, e=6%). A questionnaire was used to collect data. The information was analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 program. The response rate was 82%. Chi-square testing did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the FHSHU (83.1%) and the BHU (74.3%) with regard to knowledge about the technique (p>0.05). A difference was found as to training in ART among the different HU (p<0.01) and the use of the technique by the services (p<0.01). The length of training and the length of service of dental health professionals at the municipal health service were relevant in relation to knowledge of the technique and the taking of clinical decisions as to ART. The conclusion was reached that training on ART is needed at the primary healthcare level as a result of the different perceptions revealed.

[Analysis of water fluoride concentration in Curitiba, Brazil: comparison of techniques]. / Análise da concentração de flúor na água em Curitiba, Brasil: comparação entre técnicas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the public water system in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, as determined by two techniques (colorimetric and electrometric). METHODS: Data from independent measurements of fluoride in the public water system in Curitiba routinely performed by the city government were obtained for the period between January 2000 and July 2008. Mean levels of fluoride concentration were calculated for each of these years. After that, fluoride concentrations measured in 1 470 samples by the state water utility (SANEPAR) using the electrometric technique in 2006 and 2007 were compared with the corresponding levels measured by the city using the colorimetric method. The rate of samples meeting the standard for the city (0.8 ppmF), and below and above the standard, was calculated for both methods. Fluoride levels were compared between sanitary districts, months for the period between December 2007 and July 2008, and water treatment facilities. RESULTS: The overall mean fluoride level between 2000 and 2008 was 0.7 ppmF based on the independent measurements. The comparison between techniques showed a higher mean fluoride level with the electrometric technique (0.743 ppmF ± 0.133) vs. the colorimetric technique (0.637 ppmF ± 0.164). The rate of samples meeting the ideal standard of 0.8 ppmF was 15.05% for the colorimetric and 63.97% for the electrometric technique; 62.03% and 22.85% of the samples were below that standard and 21.10% and 13.18% were above that standard, respectively. Fluoride levels were statistically significant (P < 0.001) for the comparison between sanitary districts and months. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of technique significantly influences the resulting levels of fluoride. Independent monitoring of fluoride levels should employ the same technique used by the water utility. Further studies should aim at defining which technique is the most adequate to determine fluoride concentration in public water systems.

Análise da concentração de flúor na água em Curitiba, Brasil: comparação entre técnicas / Analysis of water fluoride concentration in Curitiba, Brazil: comparison of techniques

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a adequação dos níveis de fluoreto nas águas de abastecimento público em Curitiba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, de acordo com duas técnicas (SPADNS e eletrométrica). MÉTODOS: Foram levantados os dados do heterocontrole na Cidade de Curitiba de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2008 no banco de dados da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde para cálculo das médias anuais. Na sequência, foram comparadas as concentrações de fluoreto fornecidas pela companhia de saneamento SANEPAR (técnica eletrométrica) com as concentrações obtidas pelo heterocontrole (SPADNS) em 1 470 amostras de água coletadas e analisadas entre 2006 e 2007. Foi calculada a proporção de amostras dentro do padrão ideal de fluoretação para a Cidade (0,8 ppmF), abaixo do ideal e acima do ideal para ambas as metodologias. Foram exploradas diferenças na fluoretação entre distritos sanitários, meses do período dezembro de 2007 a julho de 2008 e estações de tratamento de água (ETA). RESULTADOS: A média geral de flúor entre 2000 a 2008 foi de 0,7 ppmF conforme os dados do heterocontrole. A comparação das técnicas eletrométrica e SPADNS revelou que o valor médio de fluoreto na água é maior quando avaliado pela técnica eletrométrica (0,743 ppmF ± 0,133) quando comparado com a técnica SPADNS (0,637 ppmF ± 0,164). A proporção de amostras dentro do padrão ideal de fluoretação foi de 15,05 por cento para SPADNS e 63,97 por cento para eletrométrica; de 62,03 e 22,85 por cento para amostras abaixo do ideal; e de 21,10 e 13,18 por cento para amostras acima do ideal, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na fluoretação entre os distritos sanitários (P < 0,001) e os meses pesquisados. CONCLUSÕES: A escolha da técnica analítica interfere significativamente no processo do heterocontrole. O heterocontrole deve utilizar a mesma técnica de determinação de flúor utilizada pela empresa de tratamento de água. Novos estudos devem definir qual técnica é a mais adequada para medir o teor de flúor.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adequacy of fluoride levels in the public water system in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, as determined by two techniques (colorimetric and electrometric). METHODS: Data from independent measurements of fluoride in the public water system in Curitiba routinely performed by the city government were obtained for the period between January 2000 and July 2008. Mean levels of fluoride concentration were calculated for each of these years. After that, fluoride concentrations measured in 1 470 samples by the state water utility (SANEPAR) using the electrometric technique in 2006 and 2007 were compared with the corresponding levels measured by the city using the colorimetric method. The rate of samples meeting the standard for the city (0.8 ppmF), and below and above the standard, was calculated for both methods. Fluoride levels were compared between sanitary districts, months for the period between December 2007 and July 2008, and water treatment facilities. RESULTS: The overall mean fluoride level between 2000 and 2008 was 0.7 ppmF based on the independent measurements. The comparison between techniques showed a higher mean fluoride level with the electrometric technique (0.743 ppmF ± 0.133) vs. the colorimetric technique (0.637 ppmF ± 0.164). The rate of samples meeting the ideal standard of 0.8 ppmF was 15.05 percent for the colorimetric and 63.97 percent for the electrometric technique; 62.03 percent and 22.85 percent of the samples were below that standard and 21.10 percent and 13.18 percent were above that standard, respectively. Fluoride levels were statistically significant (P < 0.001) for the comparison between sanitary districts and months. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of technique significantly influences the resulting levels of fluoride. Independent monitoring of fluoride levels should employ the same technique used by the water utility. Further studies should aim at defining which technique is the most adequate to determine fluoride concentration in public water systems.

HIV infection induces morphometrical changes on the oral (buccal mucosa and tongue) epithelial cells.

The aim of this study was to assess morphological and morphometrical alterations of oral squamous epithelial cells in type 1 HIV infected individuals. Oral smears were collected from tongue and buccal mucosa of 30 HIV infected (experimental) and 30 non-infected (control) individuals by liquid-based exfoliative cytology. The cells were morphologically analyzed and the nuclear area (NA), the cytoplasmic area (CA) and the nucleus-to-cytoplasm area ratio (NA/CA) were calculated. No morphological differences were found between the groups. The mean values of CA were decreased in tongue (P=.00006) and buccal mucosa (P=.00242) in HIV infected individual, while mean values of NA were increased (P=.00308 and .00095, respectively) in the same group. NA/CA ratio for experimental group was increased in both collected places, with P=.00001 (tongue) and P=.00000 (buccal mucosa). This study revealed that HIV infection was able to induce morphometrical changes on the oral epithelial cells.

Cytological analysis of the epithelial cells in patients with oral candidiasis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate oral epithelial cells of the oral mucosa infected by Candida albicans using exfoliative cytology. Oral smears were collected from clinically normal-appearing mucosa by liquid-based exfoliative cytology of 60 individuals (30 patients with oral candidiasis and 30 healthy controls matched for age and gender) and analysed for morphologic and cytomorphometric technique. Morphologically, candida-infected epithelial cells exhibited nuclear enlargement, perinuclear rings, discrete orangeophilia, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. The cytomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the cytoplasmic area (CA) of the epithelial cells was diminished in patients undergoing candidiasis as compared to the non-infected controls. In addition, there was an augmentation in nuclear area (NA) and NA/CA area ratio. This study revealed that oral mucosa of patients undergoing candidal infection exhibited significant changes in the size and shape of the oral epithelial cells.